The file size of the latest setup package available is 364.2 MB. CrazyTalk Pipeline for Mac lies within Communication Tools, more precisely Texting & Video calls. Our built-in antivirus scanned this Mac download and rated it as virus free. This software for Mac OS X was originally designed by Reallusion Inc. LONI Pipeline 6.0 for Mac is free to download from our software library. This free Mac application is an intellectual property of UCLA Laboratory. The unique ID for this program's bundle is edu.ucla.loni.Pipeline. The program lies within Developer Tools, more precisely Help. The most popular version of the tool is 5.5.
-->System.IO.Pipelines is a new library that is designed to make it easier to do high-performance I/O in .NET. It's a library targeting .NET Standard that works on all .NET implementations.
What problem does System.IO.Pipelines solve
Apps that parse streaming data are composed of boilerplate code having many specialized and unusual code flows. The boilerplate and special case code is complex and difficult to maintain.
System.IO.Pipelines
was architected to:- Have high performance parsing streaming data.
- Reduce code complexity.
The following code is typical for a TCP server that receives line-delimited messages (delimited by
'n'
) from a client:The preceding code has several problems:
- The entire message (end of line) might not be received in a single call to
ReadAsync
. - It's ignoring the result of
stream.ReadAsync
.stream.ReadAsync
returns how much data was read. - It doesn't handle the case where multiple lines are read in a single
ReadAsync
call. - It allocates a
byte
array with each read.
To fix the preceding problems, the following changes are required:
- Buffer the incoming data until a new line is found.
- Parse all the lines returned in the buffer.
- It's possible that the line is bigger than 1 KB (1024 bytes). The code needs to resize the input buffer until the delimiter is found in order to fit the complete line inside the buffer.
- If the buffer is resized, more buffer copies are made as longer lines appear in the input.
- To reduce wasted space, compact the buffer used for reading lines.
- Consider using buffer pooling to avoid allocating memory repeatedly.
- The following code addresses some of these problems:
The previous code is complex and doesn't address all the problems identified. High-performance networking usually means writing very complex code to maximize performance.
System.IO.Pipelines
was designed to make writing this type of code easier.If you would like to see code comments translated to languages other than English, let us know in this GitHub discussion issue.
Pipe
The Pipe class can be used to create a
PipeWriter/PipeReader
pair. All data written into the PipeWriter
is available in the PipeReader
:Pipe basic usage
There are two loops:
FillPipeAsync
reads from theSocket
and writes to thePipeWriter
.ReadPipeAsync
reads from thePipeReader
and parses incoming lines.
There are no explicit buffers allocated. All buffer management is delegated to the
PipeReader
and PipeWriter
implementations. Delegating buffer management makes it easier for consuming code to focus solely on the business logic.In the first loop:
- PipeWriter.GetMemory(Int32) is called to get memory from the underlying writer.
- PipeWriter.Advance(Int32)is called to tell the
PipeWriter
how much data was written to the buffer. - PipeWriter.FlushAsync is called to make the data available to the
PipeReader
.
In the second loop, the
PipeReader
consumes the buffers written by PipeWriter
. The buffers come from the socket. The call to PipeReader.ReadAsync
:- Returns a ReadResult that contains two important pieces of information:
- The data that was read in the form of
ReadOnlySequence<byte>
. - A boolean
IsCompleted
that indicates if the end of data (EOF) has been reached.
- The data that was read in the form of
After finding the end of line (EOL) delimiter and parsing the line:
- The logic processes the buffer to skip what's already processed.
PipeReader.AdvanceTo
is called to tell thePipeReader
how much data has been consumed and examined.
The reader and writer loops end by calling
Complete
. Complete
lets the underlying Pipe release the memory it allocated.Backpressure and flow control
Ideally, reading and parsing work together:
- The writing thread consumes data from the network and puts it in buffers.
- The parsing thread is responsible for constructing the appropriate data structures.
Typically, parsing takes more time than just copying blocks of data from the network:
- The reading thread gets ahead of the parsing thread.
- The reading thread has to either slow down or allocate more memory to store the data for the parsing thread.
For optimal performance, there's a balance between frequent pauses and allocating more memory.
To solve the preceding problem, the
Pipe
has two settings to control the flow of data:- PauseWriterThreshold: Determines how much data should be buffered before calls to FlushAsync pause.
- ResumeWriterThreshold: Determines how much data the reader has to observe before calls to
PipeWriter.FlushAsync
resume.
PipeWriter.FlushAsync:
- Returns an incomplete
ValueTask<FlushResult>
when the amount of data in thePipe
crossesPauseWriterThreshold
. - Completes
ValueTask<FlushResult>
when it becomes lower thanResumeWriterThreshold
.
Two values are used to prevent rapid cycling, which can occur if one value is used.
Examples
PipeScheduler
Typically when using
async
and await
, asynchronous code resumes on either on a TaskScheduler or on the current SynchronizationContext.When doing I/O, it's important to have fine-grained control over where the I/O is performed. This control allows taking advantage of CPU caches effectively. Efficient caching is critical for high-performance apps like web servers. PipeScheduler provides control over where asynchronous callbacks run. By default:
- The current SynchronizationContext is used.
- If there's no
SynchronizationContext
, it uses the thread pool to run callbacks.
PipeScheduler.ThreadPool is the PipeScheduler implementation that queues callbacks to the thread pool.
PipeScheduler.ThreadPool
is the default and generally the best choice. PipeScheduler.Inline can cause unintended consequences such as deadlocks.Pipe reset
It's frequently efficient to reuse the
Pipe
object. To reset the pipe, call PipeReaderReset when both the PipeReader
and PipeWriter
are complete.PipeReader
PipeReader manages memory on the caller's behalf. Always call PipeReader.AdvanceTo after calling PipeReader.ReadAsync. This lets the
PipeReader
know when the caller is done with the memory so that it can be tracked. The ReadOnlySequence<byte>
returned from PipeReader.ReadAsync
is only valid until the call the PipeReader.AdvanceTo
. It's illegal to use ReadOnlySequence<byte>
after calling PipeReader.AdvanceTo
.PipeReader.AdvanceTo
takes two SequencePosition arguments:- The first argument determines how much memory was consumed.
- The second argument determines how much of the buffer was observed.
Marking data as consumed means that the pipe can return the memory to the underlying buffer pool. Marking data as observed controls what the next call to
PipeReader.ReadAsync
does. Marking everything as observed means that the next call to PipeReader.ReadAsync
won't return until there's more data written to the pipe. Any other value will make the next call to PipeReader.ReadAsync
return immediately with the observed and unobserved data, but not data that has already been consumed.Read streaming data scenarios
There are a couple of typical patterns that emerge when trying to read streaming data:
- Given a stream of data, parse a single message.
- Given a stream of data, parse all available messages.
The following examples use the
TryParseMessage
method for parsing messages from a ReadOnlySequence<byte>
. TryParseMessage
parses a single message and update the input buffer to trim the parsed message from the buffer. TryParseMessage
is not part of .NET, it's a user written method used in the following sections.Read a single message
The following code reads a single message from a
PipeReader
and returns it to the caller.The preceding code:
- Parses a single message.
- Updates the consumed
SequencePosition
and examinedSequencePosition
to point to the start of the trimmed input buffer.
The two
SequencePosition
arguments are updated because TryParseMessage
removes the parsed message from the input buffer. Generally, when parsing a single message from the buffer, the examined position should be one of the following:- The end of the message.
- The end of the received buffer if no message was found.
The single message case has the most potential for errors. Passing the wrong values to examined can result in an out of memory exception or an infinite loop. For more information, see the PipeReader common problems section in this article.
Reading multiple messages
The following code reads all messages from a
PipeReader
and calls ProcessMessageAsync
on each.Cancellation
PipeReader.ReadAsync
:- Supports passing a CancellationToken.
- Throws an OperationCanceledException if the
CancellationToken
is canceled while there's a read pending. - Supports a way to cancel the current read operation via PipeReader.CancelPendingRead, which avoids raising an exception. Calling
PipeReader.CancelPendingRead
causes the current or next call toPipeReader.ReadAsync
to return a ReadResult withIsCanceled
set totrue
. This can be useful for halting the existing read loop in a non-destructive and non-exceptional way.
PipeReader common problems
- Passing the wrong values to
consumed
orexamined
may result in reading already read data. - Passing
buffer.End
as examined may result in:- Stalled data
- Possibly an eventual Out of Memory (OOM) exception if data isn't consumed. For example,
PipeReader.AdvanceTo(position, buffer.End)
when processing a single message at a time from the buffer.
- Passing the wrong values to
consumed
orexamined
may result in an infinite loop. For example,PipeReader.AdvanceTo(buffer.Start)
ifbuffer.Start
hasn't changed will cause the next call toPipeReader.ReadAsync
to return immediately before new data arrives. - Passing the wrong values to
consumed
orexamined
may result in infinite buffering (eventual OOM). - Using the
ReadOnlySequence<byte>
after callingPipeReader.AdvanceTo
may result in memory corruption (use after free). - Failing to call
PipeReader.Complete/CompleteAsync
may result in a memory leak. - Checking ReadResult.IsCompleted and exiting the reading logic before processing the buffer results in data loss. The loop exit condition should be based on
ReadResult.Buffer.IsEmpty
andReadResult.IsCompleted
. Doing this incorrectly could result in an infinite loop.
Problematic code
❌ Data loss
The
ReadResult
can return the final segment of data when IsCompleted
is set to true
. Not reading that data before exiting the read loop will result in data loss.Warning
Do NOT use the following code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The following sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
Warning
Do NOT use the preceding code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The preceding sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
❌ Infinite loop
The following logic may result in an infinite loop if the
Result.IsCompleted
is true
but there's never a complete message in the buffer.Warning
Do NOT use the following code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The following sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
Warning
Do NOT use the preceding code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The preceding sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
Here's another piece of code with the same problem. It's checking for a non-empty buffer before checking
ReadResult.IsCompleted
. Because it's in an else if
, it will loop forever if there's never a complete message in the buffer.Warning
Do NOT use the following code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The following sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems. Keep vampires away sims 4.
Warning
Do NOT use the preceding code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The preceding sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
❌ Unexpected Hang
Unconditionally calling
PipeReader.AdvanceTo
with buffer.End
in the examined
position may result in hangs when parsing a single message. The next call to PipeReader.AdvanceTo
won't return until:- There's more data written to the pipe.
- And the new data wasn't previously examined.
Warning
Do NOT use the following code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The following sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
Warning
Do NOT use the preceding code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The preceding sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
❌ Out of Memory (OOM)
With the following conditions, the following code keeps buffering until an OutOfMemoryException occurs:
- There's no maximum message size.
- The data returned from the
PipeReader
doesn't make a complete message. For example, it doesn't make a complete message because the other side is writing a large message (For example, a 4-GB message).
Warning
Do NOT use the following code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The following sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
Warning
Do NOT use the preceding code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The preceding sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
❌ Memory Corruption
When writing helpers that read the buffer, any returned payload should be copied before calling
Advance
. The following example will return memory that the Pipe
has discarded and may reuse it for the next operation (read/write).Warning
Do NOT use the following code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The following sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
Warning
Do NOT use the preceding code. Using this sample will result in data loss, hangs, security issues and should NOT be copied. The preceding sample is provided to explain PipeReader Common problems.
PipeWriter
The PipeWriter manages buffers for writing on the caller's behalf.
PipeWriter
implements IBufferWriter<byte>
. IBufferWriter<byte>
makes it possible to get access to buffers to perform writes without additional buffer copies.The previous code:
- Requests a buffer of at least 5 bytes from the
PipeWriter
using GetMemory. - Writes bytes for the ASCII string
'Hello'
to the returnedMemory<byte>
. - Calls Advance to indicate how many bytes were written to the buffer.
- Flushes the
PipeWriter
, which sends the bytes to the underlying device.
The previous method of writing uses the buffers provided by the
PipeWriter
. Alternatively, PipeWriter.WriteAsync:- Copies the existing buffer to the
PipeWriter
. - Calls
GetSpan
,Advance
as appropriate and calls FlushAsync.
Cancellation
FlushAsync supports passing a CancellationToken. Passing a
CancellationToken
results in an OperationCanceledException
if the token is canceled while there's a flush pending. PipeWriter.FlushAsync
supports a way to cancel the current flush operation via PipeWriter.CancelPendingFlush without raising an exception. Calling PipeWriter.CancelPendingFlush
causes the current or next call to PipeWriter.FlushAsync
or PipeWriter.WriteAsync
to return a FlushResult with IsCanceled
set to true
. This can be useful for halting the yielding flush in a non-destructive and non-exceptional way.PipeWriter common problems
- GetSpan and GetMemory return a buffer with at least the requested amount of memory. Don't assume exact buffer sizes.
- There's no guarantee that successive calls will return the same buffer or the same-sized buffer.
- A new buffer must be requested after calling Advance to continue writing more data. The previously acquired buffer can't be written to.
- Calling
GetMemory
orGetSpan
while there's an incomplete call toFlushAsync
isn't safe. - Calling
Complete
orCompleteAsync
while there's unflushed data can result in memory corruption.
IDuplexPipe
The IDuplexPipe is a contract for types that support both reading and writing. For example, a network connection would be represented by an
IDuplexPipe
.Unlike
Pipe
, which contains a PipeReader
and a PipeWriter
, IDuplexPipe
represents a single side of a full duplex connection. That means what is written to the PipeWriter
will not be read from the PipeReader
.Streams
When reading or writing stream data, you typically read data using a de-serializer and write data using a serializer. Most of these read and write stream APIs have a
Stream
parameter. To make it easier to integrate with these existing APIs, PipeReader
and PipeWriter
expose an AsStream method. AsStream returns a Stream
implementation around the PipeReader
or PipeWriter
.Stream example
Pipeline Format
PipeReader
and PipeWriter
instances can be created using the static Create
methods given a Stream object and optional corresponding creation options.The StreamPipeReaderOptions allow for control over the creation of the
PipeReader
instance with the following parameters:- StreamPipeReaderOptions.BufferSize is the minimum buffer size in bytes used when renting memory from the pool, and defaults to
4096
. - StreamPipeReaderOptions.LeaveOpen flag determines whether or not the underlying stream is left open after the
PipeReader
completes, and defaults tofalse
. - StreamPipeReaderOptions.MinimumReadSize represents the threshold of remaining bytes in the buffer before a new buffer is allocated, and defaults to
1024
. - StreamPipeReaderOptions.Pool is the
MemoryPool<byte>
used when allocating memory, and defaults tonull
.
The StreamPipeWriterOptions allow for control over the creation of the
PipeWriter
instance with the following parameters:- StreamPipeWriterOptions.LeaveOpen flag determines whether or not the underlying stream is left open after the
PipeWriter
completes, and defaults tofalse
. - StreamPipeWriterOptions.MinimumBufferSize represents the minimum buffer size to use when renting memory from the Pool, and defaults to
4096
. - StreamPipeWriterOptions.Pool is the
MemoryPool<byte>
used when allocating memory, and defaults tonull
.
Important
When creating
PipeReader
and PipeWriter
instances using the Create
methods, you need to consider the Stream
object lifetime. If you need access to the stream after the reader or writer is done with it, you'll need to set the LeaveOpen
flag to true
on the creation options. Otherwise, the stream will be closed.The following code demonstrates the creation of
PipeReader
and PipeWriter
instances using the Create
methods from a stream.The application uses a StreamReader to read the lorem-ipsum.txt file as a stream. The FileStream is passed to PipeReader.Create, which instantiates a
PipeReader
object. The console application then passes its standard output stream to PipeWriter.Create using Console.OpenStandardOutput(). The example supports cancellation.Reallusion Cartoon Animator v4.3.2110.1 Pipeline for Mac
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